The history of English Coins

English coins have developed and changed over time. In the early 1600s' coins were made using the hammer struck method. Hammered coins or cast coins where the primary way coins were made and thus limited the number of coins that may be placed into circulation (流通). Hammered coins were made as far back as the first millennium BC with continued in use until the 1500s to the 1700s. English coins underwent a change in about 1663.

Hammered English coins were made using a blank quantity of metal that was the required weight and placing it between two dies. A die is a mold (模子) that allows the metal to get cut to a certain size and shape.The metal die contained an image that when hammered without delay would mold the image on each side of the coin. The unit was customarily place on a log or other firm surface which was known as a pile. One person held the die while a second person struck it.

There were several issues with this kind of coin making. For one thing, it was extremely slow and work in depth. Comparatively few coins might be made and placed into circulation. A second problem was that hammered coins had many irregularities. When several coins were placed together in a container and shaken about they were damaged as well. That is why older English coins might have chips(缺口) and rough edges.

During the 17th century hammered coins were replaced with milled (軋有花邊的) coins. While France was the first country to start producing coins that were made entirely by machine, Britain wasn't far behind. Britain, in fact, began to manufacture coins on a trial basis in the mid?1500s, but it wasn't until the end of 1662 that English coins were made completely by machine.

The screw press (螺旋壓力機) was the first machine to produce coins as an alternative to hammered coins. Leonardo da Vinci was the person who invented the screw press in the 15th century. It was powered by a water mill. Early on efforts were made to protect the coins by edging. You'll see that English?made coins have milled edges.

Milled English coins were much more standard in size and shape as well. The speed at which milled coins could be created allowed the coin circulation to grow and a greater number of coin types to be developed.

English coins were used in this country during the royally period. Hammered coins were produced and used up through the end of the 18th century and were given out across the colonies. English coins went through quite a lot of changes as can be seen in old coins that have been started in the US over time.

__1.__of English coins????????????? Time & Major Events

Hammered

coins????????????? ◆The hammer struck method used to make coins has a history dating back to the first millennium BC.

◆At least two people are needed to carry out the work, with one _2.__the die and the other striking it.

◆__3._：

◆The number of coins made and placed into circulation this way was _4.__.

◆Older English coins were quite __5._，with many having chips and rough edges.

◆Such coins were placed into circulation across the colonies and __6._ in use through the end of the 18th century.

Milled coins????????????? During

the 15th

century????????????? ◆Leonardo da Vinci _7.__the screw press, the 1st machine to produce coins.

????????????? In the

mid?1500s????????????? Britain __8._manufacturing coins.

????????????? In the

17th

century????????????? ◆France became the first country to start producing coins made entirely by machine，_9.__ by Britain, whose machine?made coins were featured by milled edges, but were more regular in size and shape.

◆The coin circulation began to grow.

◆Milled coins appeared as a(n) __10._ to hammered coins.

 

【答案】

1.Types

2.holding

3.Disadvantages/Problems/Issues

4.limited

5.irregular

6.remained

7.invented

8.tried

9.followed

10.alternative

【解析】本文介紹了英國硬幣的歷史及鑄造歷程。

1.解析　第一段講到了硬幣的不同類型。以下幾段都是分別介紹這些種類。

答案　Types

2.解析　由One person held the die while a second person struck it.可知答案。

答案　holding

3.解析　由第三段首句可知答案。

答案　Disadvantages/Problems/Issues

4.解析　由Comparatively few coins might be made and placed into circulation.可知答案。

答案　limited

5.解析　由A second problem was that hammered coins had many irregularities.可知答案。

答案　irregular

6.解析　由末段的Hammered coins were produced and used up through the end of the 18th century可知答案。

答案　remained

7.解析　由倒數(shù)第三段的Leonardo da Vinci was the person who invented the screw press in the 15th century.可知答案。

答案　invented

8.解析　由第四段的Britain, in fact, began to manufacture coins on a trial basis in the mid?1500s可知答案。

答案　tried

9.解析　由While France was the first country to start producing coins that were made entirely by machine, Britain wasn't far behind.可知答案。

答案　followed

10.解析　由第四段首句可知答案。

答案　alternative

練習冊系列答案
相關(guān)習題

科目：高中英語 來源：2011年湖南省、四中）兩校高一下學期期末聯(lián)考英語題 題型：完型填空

Today Mr. Johnson, a member of the International Olympic Committee(國際奧委會), visited a high school in Beijing. He made a speech there. In his 36._____, he talked about the history and significance of 37._____. He described the 38._____ Olympic Games. He said that athletes at the ancient games could only be men who spoke Greek, 39._____ today, both men and 40._____from around the world can compete. The modern games, first held in 1896, were designed (設(shè)計) to make it possible for countries and people to live 41._____ together.

Mr. Johnson also talked about some famous 42._____. One example is Michael Jordan who  43._____ his second Olympic gold medal after a long break. He 44._____ mentioned (提到) Deng Yaping who won many gold medals. Mr. Johnson 45._____ his speech by wishing the Olympic movement a successful future. The audience really enjoyed his speech.

1. A. speech            B. book         C. newspaper        D. magazine

2. A. Asian Games       B. the Olympic Games  C. European Games    D. African Games

3. A. late           B. new            C. ancient            D. modern

4.A. but            B. and             C. or                D. so

5. A. boys          B. teenagers          C. adults             D. women

6. A. angrily           B. quietly            C. peacefully        D. sadly

7. A. dancers      B. actors               C. singers            D. athletes

8. A. lost              B. won                  C. brought         D. missed

9. A. only          B. just             C. never                D. also

10. A. started          B. ended            C. wrote             D. found

 

查看答案和解析>>

科目：高中英語 來源：2010-2011學年浙江省六校高三2月聯(lián)考英語卷 題型：其他題

閱讀下列材料，從所給的六個選項（A、B、C、D、E和F）中，選出符合各小題要求的最佳選項，并在答題卡上將該項涂黑。選項中有一項是多余選項。

請閱讀某書店各書架的相關(guān)信息：

A. Section One: Do-It-Yourself Section -- On these shelves customers can find the latest manuals on how to do everything from building a computer to constructing your own home.

B. Section Two: Sports & Leisure Section --- Stocks a large range of the latest books on your favorite sporting teams and events. Pick up the perfect Father's Day present here.

C. Section Three: Humor Section --- A great selection of joke books, funny stories and wonderful real life adventures that are sure to keep the reader laughing for days.

D. Section Four: Business & Finance --- Students, business people or anyone interested in the world of commerce are certain to find the book they are after here. We have special subsection for international trade and e-commerce.

E. Section Five: Biography --- Find out about the lives of your favorite sports stars, singers, actors and other famous people from today and the past. Learn what they had to go through to become successful and the effect it had on their lives.

F. Section Six: Education --- Has a huge range of textbooks and supplementary material covering all the major high school and university subjects. Buyers showing their student cards receive a 15% discount on all purchases from this section.

閱讀下列關(guān)于各書籍的信息，匹配書籍與其所應(yīng)放置的書架：

___1. The Delighted Eye --- by Prof. John Nash --- The 1994 Nobel Prize Winner for Economics, whose ideas have influenced a generation of the world's greatest economic minds, tells his life story: growing up in a small town in America, becoming one of America's most influential mathematicians and his battles with mental illness.

___2. Mother Tongue: The English Language --- by Bill Bryson --- Bryson's book is a journey through the history and different aspects of the English language , one that is both informative and hugely entertaining. As with most of Bryson's books, fun comes before facts and readers will be left with a smile on their faces.

___3. Into Thin Air --- by John Krakauer --- is a riveting first-hand account of a disastrous race to the top of Mount Everest. In March 1996, Outside magazine sent veteran journalist and experienced climber John Krakauer to join the team led by the famous Everest guide Rob Hall. Despite the expertise of Hall and the other leaders, by the end of the race eight people were dead.

___4. Ready Made: How to Make (Almost) Everything --- by Shoshanna Berger and Grace Hawthorne --- beautifully written with great factual information. The theme behind this book is re-use, re-claim, re-cycle and there are many detailed easy-to-do projects for the reader to try such as making a photo frame from a book cover or a pot for your plants from plastic shopping bags.

____5. The Smartest Guys in the Room: The Amazing Rise and Scandalous Fall of Enron --- by Bethany McLean and Peter Elkind --- As the title suggests the authors cover the rise of the American electricity company to become one of the 10 richest companies in the world and its spectacular fall into dishonour and bankruptcy. A perfect guide on what not to do in business.

 

 

查看答案和解析>>

科目：高中英語 來源：2010-2011學年濟南市高三教學質(zhì)量調(diào)研英語試題（A） 題型：閱讀理解

In many cultures white is often associated with something positive. A white-collar job, for instance, is the kind of job many people look for, working with your brain and not your hands.

White has a clean and pure image. That is why doctors, dentists, and nurses usually wear white uniforms. Babies are dressed in white at baptisms（洗禮）and brides wear white wedding gowns at weddings. White in these cases is the symbol of innocence or purity.

Sometimes white is used in expressions that are not good. “Whitewash” is one such expression. At first, “whitewash” meant to paint over something with white paint to make it look better. However, it means something different today: to hide or to cover up mistakes or failures.

A “white elephant” is another example of white used in a negative way. In ancient Thailand, a white elephant was regarded as a sacred animal, but it was very expensive to keep. The kings of those days presented a white elephant to the people they wanted to ruin. Once they received this holy, royal animal as a gift, they were not allowed to sell or kill it. Today, a “white elephant” means something that is big, useless, and unwanted. In America, when people want to get rid of their furniture or clothes, they often have a “white elephant sale”.

1.The text is mainly about________.

    A. the meanings of white in English culture  

B. the history of some English idioms

    C. some interesting customs in English culture

    D. some useful English words and expressions

2.Which expression has an historical background ?

    A. White-wash.                           B. White-collar.

C. White elephant.                         D. White elephant sale.

3.In which statement does “white” have a negative meaning?

A. A boy is dressed in white at baptisms.     

B. A bride wears a white wedding gown.

C. A man whitewashes his crime.        

D. A girl finds a white collar job.

4.From the text we can learn that _______.

   A. a white-elephant sale is useful to the poor    

B. the white color is important in our daily life

   C. a white-collar job used to be easy to get

   D. expressions with white have different meanings

5.The author develops the text mainly by ______.

A. analyzing its cause and effect

B. providing typical examples

C. comparing different ideas

D. following the time order

 

查看答案和解析>>

科目：高中英語 來源：2010-2011學年山西省高三上學期第二次四校聯(lián)考英語卷 題型：閱讀理解

A “blogger” is a person who writes on an Internet computer Web site called a “blog”. The word “blog” is a short way of saying web log, or personal Web site. Anyone can start a blog, and they can write about anything they like.

There are millions of blogs on the Internet today. They provide news, information and ideas to many people who read them. They contain links to other Web sites. And they provide a place for people to write their ideas and react to the ideas of others.

A research company called Peruse has studied more than 3,000 Web logs. It says that blogs are most popular with teenage girls. They use them to let their friends know what is happening in their lives. The study also says that more than 100,000 bloggers stopped taking part in the activity after a year.

However, some people develop serious blogs to present political and other ideas. For example, the Republican and Democratic parties in the southern state of Kentucky recently started their own blogs. And American companies are beginning to use blogs to advertise their products.

At the same time, some long-standing blogs have ended. Last week, blogging leader Dave Winner closed his free blog service, weblogs.com. He says the site became too costly to continue. He started the blog four years ago, and thousands of people had written on it.

One blog that is still going strong is called Rebecca’s Pocket. It involves much useful information for readers. Rebecca Blood created the Web site in 1999. She wrote about the history of blogs on the site. That article led to a book called “The Weblog Handbook”. It has been translated into four languages so far.

Ms Blood says Rebecca’s Pocket gets about 30,000 visitors a month. She writes about anything and everything----politics, culture and movies. She recently provided medical advice. And she wrote about how to prevent people from stealing money from online bank accounts.

1.The text is written mainly to ____

A．introduce an Internet computer Web site called “blog”

B．introduce a way of reading on blogs

C．tell readers about blogs

D．tell readers how to write blogs

2.From the text we can learn that blogs cover almost everything except __ _.

A．different ideas

B．medical advice

C．a(chǎn)dvertisements

D．a(chǎn)ccount codes

3.According to this passage , which of the following is NOT true?

A．Politicians don’t use blogs at all

B．A lot of bloggers no longer write or read blogs

C．Those who like to use blogs are mostly teenage girls

D．Dave Winer closed his “weblogs.com” because of money shortage

4. The reason why Rebecca’s Pocket is still going strong is that____  

A．it was created by a woman

B．it provides plenty of useful information and advice

C．it is about the history of books

D．it has editions in at least four different languages

 

查看答案和解析>>

科目：高中英語 來源：2010溫州中學高二下學期期末考試 題型：閱讀理解

Street art can be found on buildings, sidewalks, street signs and even trash cans from Tokyo to Paris to New York City. This special kind of art can take the form of paintings, sculptures, cloth or even stickers (張貼物). Street art has become part of a global visual culture. Now, even art museums and galleries are collecting the works of street artists.

It is not easy to provide an exact history of the street art movement. This kind of art has developed in many kinds of ways in places all over the world. Also, because it is illegal to paint public and private property without permission, street artists usually work secretly. This secretive nature of street art and its countless forms make it hard to define exactly. And people have different opinions about the movement. Some think street art is a crime and destroys property. But others see this art as a rich form of non-traditional cultural expression.

Many experts say the movement began in New York City in the 1960s. Young adults would use paint in special cans to spray their “tag” on walls and train cars around the city. This tag was a name they created to identify themselves and their artwork. This colorful style of writing is also called graffiti (涂鴉). It is visually exciting and energetic. Some graffiti paintings were signs marking the territories of city gangs or illegal crime groups.

Graffiti also became a separate movement expressing the street culture of young people living in big cities. Graffiti art represented social and political rebellion (叛逆). This was art that rejected the accepted rules of culture and power. These artists could travel around areas of the city making creative paintings for everyone to see. Sometimes this street art created a conflict between artists and city officials. Graffiti artists created their images and city officials quickly painted over them.

During the 1980s, two New York painters — Keith Haring and Jean Michel began showing their work in art galleries and museums. This is when street art started to become part of the more general popular culture.

1.What can we infer from the first paragraph?

A．Street art has become popular and is accepted as a kind of culture.

B．Street art is very special compared with other forms of popular art.

C．Many people are beginning to learn street art.

D．Street art is better developed in big cities than in rural areas.

2.Which of the following statements is TRUE according to the passage?

A．“TAG” was a word created by people to distinguish street artists and the other artists.

B．There are three reasons explaining why it is hard to define the history of street art.

C．The movement of street art began in the 1980s in New York City.

D．All the people don’t think that the street art is a rich form of cultural expression.

3.The city officials used to get rid of graffiti probably because _____________.

A．they caused arguments between people

B．they were ugly in someone’s eyes

C．they were not painted under proper guidance

D．they didn’t express traditional culture

 

查看答案和解析>>

同步練習冊答案