Question

【題目】Patients trust health professionals as a source of advice on behavior change. However, many health professionals dodge giving advice on that. They find traditional behavior change strategies (方法) time-consuming to explain. Besides, it’s difficult for the patient to achieve. Furthermore, even when patients successfully start the recommended changes，the gains are often short-lived because few of the traditional behavior change strategies have built-in mecha-nisms for maintenance (保持).

Meanwhile, brief advice is usually based on advising patients on what to change and why (for example, reducing fat intake lo reduce the risk of heart attack). Psychologically, such advice can be followed only if conscious motivation is engaged. However, the effects are typically short-Jived because motivation and attention will decline. Brief advice on how to change, engaging automatic processes, may offer a valuable alternative with potential for long-term influence— habit.

Within psychology, we define “habits” as actions that are caused automatically in response to reminders. These reminders have been associated with performances. For example, automatically washing hands after using the toilet. Decades of psychological research consistently show that mere repetition of a simple action in a consistent context leads to the action being activated upon .following exposure to those contextual cues (環(huán)境暗示). Once starting of the action goes to outside reminders, dependence on conscious attention or motivational processes is reduced. Therefore habits are likely to remain even after conscious motivation or interest disappears.

【1】Which word can best replace the underlined word “dodge” in Paragraph 1?

A. Risk. B. Avoid.

C. Appreciate. D. Admit.

【2】What plays the key role in patients’ taking advice?

A. Reasons to change. B. Ways to change.

C. Increasing attention. D. Intended motivation.

【3】What may help to keep habits after interest disappears?

A. Outside reminders. B. Mere repetition.

C. Conscious attention. D. Brief advice.

【4】What is the passage mainly about?

A. Motivation to form habits. B. Conflicts between patients and professionals.

C. Habits to change behavior. D. Advice from professionals to patients.

Answer 1

【答案】

【1】B

【2】D

【3】A

【4】C

【解析】文章先通過醫(yī)患關(guān)系引出主題，然后再舉了心理學(xué)上的一些理論以及生活中的一些例子，最后加強(qiáng)了觀點(diǎn)，得出習(xí)慣可以改變行為的說法。

【1】詞意猜測題。根據(jù)文中第一段的即 They find traditional behavior change strategies (方法) time-consuming to explain. Besides, it’s difficult for the patient to achieve他們發(fā)現(xiàn)傳統(tǒng)的行為改變策略的解釋很耗時(shí)，而且病人很難達(dá)到，所以他們應(yīng)該回避，故選B。

【2】細(xì)節(jié)理解題。從文中第二段的 Psychologically, such advice can be followed only if conscious motivation is engaged可知只有當(dāng)有意識的動機(jī)投入時(shí)，這些建議才能被遵循，所以是有意的動機(jī)才能讓患者聽取建議，故選D。

【3】細(xì)節(jié)理解題。從最后一段的 Once starting of the action goes to outside reminders, dependence on conscious attention or motivational processes is reduced. Therefore habits are likely to remain even after conscious motivation or interest disappears即一旦行動開始到外部提醒，依賴于有意識的注意或動機(jī)過程減少。因此，即使在有意識的動機(jī)或興趣消失后，習(xí)慣還是會繼續(xù)存在，可知外界可以幫助我們保持習(xí)慣，故選A。

【4】主旨大意題。從文中第三段的Within psychology, we define “habits” as actions that are caused automatically in response to reminders即在心理學(xué)中，我們將“習(xí)慣”定義為響應(yīng)提醒而自動產(chǎn)生的動作，可知習(xí)慣可以改變我們的行為，故選C。