18.Smog in Europe and North America could be more than 25times more deadly than the average air pollution found in Chinese cities,a new study suggests.In the largest ever study of its kind in the developing world,researchers tested the effects of air pollution on the health of people in 272 cities in China.
They found average annual exposure to fine particles,known as PM2.5,in those cities was more than five times higher than the level recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO),according to a paper in the American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine.
However they also discovered that it was much less likely to increase the death rate than PM2.5in Europe and North America.
The researchers,led by Dr Maigeng Zhou,of the Chinese Centre for Disease Control and Prevention,suggested this was because China is affected by large amountsof natural dust blown by the wind from arid areas,while most pollution in the West comes from industry.
They found that for every increase of 10micrograms of air pollution in a cubic meter of air,the mortality rate increased by 0.22percent,discounting deaths from accidents.
Professor Frank Kelly,an expert in environmental health at King's College London,who was not involved in the study but has studied air pollution in China,told The Independent:"Those relative risks areconsiderably less than those seen in Europe and the US.For mortality(死亡率)in Europe we are working on a six percent increase per 10micrograms."That suggests air pollution in Europe is about 27times more toxic than average air pollution in China.
However,Professor Kelly said cities like Beijing,Shanghai and Hong Kong were likely to suffer from Western-style air pollution."The natural dust component there is not of the magnitude that it would dwarf the coal,biomass and fossil fuel signals,"he said,"That may be true in certain cities whose pollution is not dominated by local power generation or major traffic congestion."
Natural dust particles can cause physical damage to the lungs and trigger an asthma attack.Particles of carbon produced when fossil fuels are burned can lead to similar problems but they are also coated with toxic heavy metals,chemicals and volatile organic compounds.These are able to pass from the lungs into the blood stream where it is thought they cause further damage to the body.
Areeba Hamid,an air pollution campaigner with environmental group Greenpeace,said:"Poisonous air causes damage to people's health wherever in the world they live.We now know fumes from diesel(柴油機(jī)) vehicles area lot more poisonous than car companies claimed and this is a big cause of air pollution in Europe and North America.These companies have a lot to answer for,but so far they've managed to avoid any real accountability."
The study of cities in China found the average annual expose to PM2.5 was 56 micrograms per cubic meter,compared to the WHO guideline limit for safe air quality of 10micrograms.
People who were older than 75,had less education or who lived in hotter places were more likely to die.It is thought people in warmer cities were more likely to spend time outside or leave their windows open,thereby breathing more polluted air,the researchers said.They also speculated that less well educated people might have poorer access to health care or experience poorer environmental health conditions.
62.Why PM2.5 in China is less deadly than that in Europe and North America?B
A.China is free from any pollution about PM2.5.
B.Pollutants affecting China mainly come from arid areas.
C.Fewer people died from PM 2.5 in China than those in Europe and North America.
D.Europe and North America are polluted by natural dust.
63.What does the underlined part in Para 7 refer to?C
A.The average mortality rate.
B.The higher mortality rate.
C.The lower mortality rate.
D.The normal mortality rate.
64.What's the real cause of air pollution in Europe and North America according to Areeba Hamid?A
A.Fumes from diesel vehicles are much more poisonous.
B.The environmental agencis can't take on responsibilities.
C.The technology doesn't meet the standards.
D.Car companies can't evaluate the results.
65.The author's purpose of writing the passage is toA.
A.a(chǎn)ppel to people to lay an emphasis on environmental protection.
B.illustrate smog in Europe and North America is quite serious.
C.demonstrate China is safest place in the world to live in.
D.provide some good ways to address the smog.
分析 本文主要講述了歐洲、北美以及中國(guó)的空氣污染的現(xiàn)狀,以及其帶來(lái)的問(wèn)題.以此呼吁人們要注意環(huán)保.
解答 62.B 細(xì)節(jié)題.根據(jù)文章內(nèi)容,The researchers suggested this was because China is affected by large amountsof natural dust blown by the wind from arid areas,while most pollution in the West comes from industry.研究人員說(shuō)中國(guó)的PM2.5沒(méi)有歐洲和北美的致命那是因?yàn)橹袊?guó)的污染物多數(shù)來(lái)自干旱地區(qū),結(jié)合選項(xiàng),故選B
63.C 詞義猜測(cè)題.根據(jù)文章內(nèi)容,"That may be true in certain cities whose pollution is not dominated by local power generation or major traffic congestion."在那些污染不收控制的地方,死亡率更低似乎是真的,結(jié)合選項(xiàng),故選C
64.A 細(xì)節(jié)題.根據(jù)文章內(nèi)容,We now know fumes from diesel(柴油機(jī)) vehicles area lot more poisonous than car companies claimed and this is a big cause of air pollution in Europe and North America.由此可知,歐洲和北美最大的污染源是來(lái)自柴油機(jī)產(chǎn)生的煙霧,結(jié)合選項(xiàng),故選A
65.A 寫(xiě)作目的題.根據(jù)文章內(nèi)容,主要講述了歐洲、北美以及中國(guó)的空氣污染的現(xiàn)狀,以及其帶來(lái)的問(wèn)題.以此呼吁人們要注意環(huán)保.結(jié)合選項(xiàng),故選A
點(diǎn)評(píng) 題目涉及多道細(xì)節(jié)理解題,做題時(shí)結(jié)合原文和題目有針對(duì)性的找出相關(guān)語(yǔ)句進(jìn)行仔細(xì)分析,結(jié)合選項(xiàng)選出正確答案.推理判斷題也是要在抓住關(guān)鍵句子的基礎(chǔ)上合理的分析才能得出正確答案,切忌胡亂猜測(cè),一定要做到有理有據(jù).