18．Lady Gaga has put off her concerts because of the difficulties       by the ongoing strikes．（　　）
A．causedB．causingC．to be causedD．having caused

分析 由于持續(xù)罷工造成的困難，Lady Gaga推遲了她的演唱會(huì)．

解答 答案：A
根據(jù)題干by的提示可知，cause與其所修飾的difficulties之間構(gòu)成動(dòng)賓即被動(dòng)關(guān)系．另外，過(guò)去分詞done可表示一個(gè)被動(dòng)的或完成的動(dòng)作．所以cause需用過(guò)去分詞caused的形式作difficulties的后置定語(yǔ)．故選A．

點(diǎn)評(píng) 解題時(shí)需辨清非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞與其所修飾詞之間的關(guān)系：作定語(yǔ)時(shí)，to do表將要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作；doing表正在進(jìn)行的一主動(dòng)動(dòng)作；done表一完成的被動(dòng)動(dòng)作．介詞by常表被動(dòng)．

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