分析 文章大意:本文主要闡述了一個(gè)組織的成員多少與交流的關(guān)系. 社會(huì)學(xué)家早就認(rèn)識(shí)到,不到200個(gè)人的自由流動(dòng)可以通過操作各成員之間的信息. 一旦它們的規(guī)模遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)超出這一數(shù)字,這兩個(gè)組織獲得不夠靈活. 因此,似乎有必要防止總的通信故障造成混亂.文中并且提出了解決問題的方法:組織人數(shù)縮減,構(gòu)建直接的人事關(guān)系.
解答 81.An organization of more than 200 individuals.
本題涉及的論點(diǎn)在第一段.本段中的第一句"Sociologists have long recognised that organisations of less than 200 individuals can operate through the free flow of information among the members."明確告訴我們二百人以內(nèi)的機(jī)構(gòu)可以保證員工之間自由的信息溝通.反向理解則為:超過二百人的機(jī)構(gòu)其員工之間的信息溝通會(huì)遇到障礙,也就是提干中的"lead to communication failures".
82.Structuring smaller organizations and building direct personal relationships.
本題題干中明確要求考生寫"兩個(gè)解決方案(two solutions)".第二段的第一句"One solution to this problem would,of course,be to structure large organisations into smaller units of a size that can act as a group."中有一個(gè)"solution",即:"structure large organisations into smaller units of size that can act as a group".另一個(gè)"solution"是"the people involved must be able to build direct personal relationships".由于答題要求字?jǐn)?shù)不得超過8個(gè)字,考生就得對(duì)原文中提到的兩種解決方案的表訴在文字上進(jìn)行壓縮.把句子中次要的成份去除,于是就留下了"structuring….a(chǎn)nd building…".
83.seemed to be more difficult/less satisfying
本題涉及的內(nèi)容在第三段,具體的句子是"The whole process worked very smoothly as an organization for many years until they were moved into purpose-built accommodation.Then,for no apparent reason,the work seemed to be more difficult to do,not to say less satisfying.".關(guān)鍵詞是:"smoothly,until,moved into,more difficult,less satisfying".題干中的"operation"一詞在原文中似乎沒有,其實(shí)不然,倒數(shù)第二行的"the work"就是指題干中的"operation".
84.the close social networks/the free flow of information/the causal communication
本題對(duì)考生的概括能力要求較高.從題干的句子形式我們可看出本題要考生回答的是:究竟是什么能使機(jī)構(gòu)運(yùn)作得更成功?在TV Station的例子中我們的知其人員是150人,屬于第一段中所說的能保證"the free flow of information"的人員編制.同樣,我們從第一段中的知自由暢通的信息交流對(duì)機(jī)構(gòu)的成功運(yùn)作很重要.因此,"the free flow of information"是本題的答案之一.在第二段中我們還得知,把人員分成若干"group"構(gòu)建"direct personal organization"也是有效地方法,我們把這點(diǎn)可概括為"close personal relationship/close social networks/direct information exchange system"等等.再次,第二段的結(jié)尾句"Maintaining too formal a structure of relationships inevitably prevents the way a system works."我們可反其道理解為:"informal/casual personal communication is the way a system works more successfully".這點(diǎn)也可從TV station搬遷后沒有設(shè)置"coffee room"從而影響了員工之間的交流,導(dǎo)致"the work seemed to be more difficult to do"這一案例得到印證.
點(diǎn)評(píng) 做此類試題,考生要先仔細(xì)閱讀短文后所提出的問題,帶著問題通讀全文,把握文章意思,然后再研讀跟問題相關(guān)的句子、句子的關(guān)鍵詞/短語等;在此基礎(chǔ)上再結(jié)合上下文進(jìn)行分析判斷、邏輯推理、歸納提煉出問題答案的表述內(nèi)容;記住要看清問題,不要答非所問,同時(shí)表述的句子內(nèi)容要簡(jiǎn)潔明了、語法正確、語句通順、書寫規(guī)范,注意字?jǐn)?shù)限制.
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