20．One of the unpleasant aspects of being a manager is that you have to deal with employees who engage in violating company policies．Some typical disciplinary actions will be done such as reassignment or even firing．Too light，and they will not sufficiently communicate the severity of the infraction（違規(guī)行為），both to the employee who broke the rules and to the peers who are watching．Too heavy，and you create an unfair environment that violates everyone's expectations for justice．
We all want to believe that we are fair，and that we would be objective．However，there's an important factor that could undermine your ability to be fair：sleep．My colleagues-Kyoungmin Cho at the University of Washington and Cristiano Guarana at the University of Virginia-and I wanted to investigate this link．My previous research indicates that lack of sleep damages judgment and behavior．And the research literature indicates that lack of sleep leads to errors in decision making．As I discuss in my TEDx talk，sleep-lacking people are not efficient without even being aware that．
My colleagues and I started our research based on that lack of sleep can increase negative responses to the infraction．Sleep-lacking people are more likely to interpret an action in a negative manner．This suggests that people will conduct infractions more negatively when they're sleep-lacking．In addition，lack of sleep makes it more difficult to regulate negative emotions．This can make people more likely to become angry，making them in turn more likely to respond negatively to people who engage in punishable behaviors．We assume that sleep-lacking people would be more likely to give harsher punishments．
Based on this finding，our advice to managers is to be aware of this potential effect on your judgment．If a staff engages in a punishable infraction after you've had a short night of sleep，you may allocate a punishment that is harsher than necessary，contributing to an unfair work environment．
Two potential ways to address this would be to either delay deciding on a disciplinary measure until you have had a better night of sleep or deliberately discount the measure to soften the effect of your lack of sleep．Given the difficulty of measuring the second approach，the first approach is probably the better option．And it bears repeating：If you want to be a better manager，aim to get at least eight hours of sleep each night．
28．What does the author say about disciplinary actions？D
A．Employees should be fired．
B．Bonuses will be removed．
C．Severe rules should be performed．
D．It is hard to balance the punishments．
29．The underlined word"undermine"is closest in meaning toD．
A．change
B．influence
C．determine
D．weaken
30．What would a sleepy manager do？B
A．Realize the side effect of it and take actions．
B．Throw more severe punishment．
C．Get rid of the negative atmosphere in the company．
D．Regulate the negative emotions．
31．Which of the following statements is true according to the text？C
A．A good sleep leads to a fair environment．
B．Unfair work environment is due to weak punishments．
C．It is necessary to give punishments after a good sleep．
D．Eight hours of sleep each night is the bottom line．
