科目  英語

年級  高三

文件　high3 unit15.doc

標(biāo)題  Study skills（學(xué)習(xí)技能）

章節(jié)  第十五單元

關(guān)鍵詞  高三英語第十五單元

內(nèi)容

一、教法建議

【拋磚引玉】

單元雙基學(xué)習(xí)目標(biāo)

Ⅰ.詞匯學(xué)習(xí)

enlarge , remind sb of , fix a date for , appreciate, long-term , encouragement

Ⅱ. 交際英語

Invitations and responses (邀請與應(yīng)答)

發(fā)出邀請時可以說：

1. Will you come to …?

2. Would you like to do ？

3. I’d like to invite you to …

4. Are you free on Sunday ?

5. If you’re not doing anything on Monday morning , would you like to do …

6. We’d like you to join us .

7. Do join me for a coffee .

8. We’re having a dance on Sunday . I hope you will come .

9. Would you do me the pleasure of attending our wedding (婚禮) ? = May we have the pleasure of your company at our wedding ?

10. I’d very much like you to come to our dinner party .

接受邀請時常用：

1. Yes , I’d love to .

2. Yes , that’s very kind / nice of you .

3. I’d love to , but …

4. How nice !

5. I’d like to … , but … . Thank you all the same .

Ⅲ. 語法學(xué)習(xí)

復(fù)習(xí)和歸納句子的成分 ―― 謂語；復(fù)習(xí)情態(tài)動詞和實義動詞的時態(tài)。

在情態(tài)動詞中要重點(diǎn)掌握情態(tài)動詞的完成時的用法。如：should have done與should not have done , needn’t have done , must have done

另外，復(fù)習(xí)主謂一致的測試熱點(diǎn)。

【指點(diǎn)迷津】

這些一致你了如指掌嗎 ？

1. 主語 people 作“人們，人民”解時，謂語動詞用復(fù)數(shù)，作“民族”解時，有單復(fù)數(shù)之分。如：

    Our people is a great one .

    There are 56 peoples in China .

2 . 主語是 a / this / that kind of + 名詞，謂語用單數(shù)形式，主語指的不是一種而是多種，謂語動詞用復(fù)數(shù)。如：

    This kind of cloth feels soft .

    There are different kinds of animals .

3 . 主語是“each of … ”，“neither of … ”，“either of …  ”，“one of  … ”等時，其謂語用單數(shù)。如：

    Each of them has his own duty .

4 . 陳述部分用 everybody , everyone , somebody , someone , anybody , anyone , nobody , no one 或 no + 復(fù)數(shù)名詞等作主語時，反意部分用 they。而陳述部分用 everything , something , nothing , anything 時，反意部分代詞則采用單數(shù)，用 it 。

    Somebody is waiting for you , aren't they ?

    Everything is all right , isn't it ?

5 . 動名詞或動詞不定式作主語，其謂語用單數(shù)形式。

    When and where to build the new factory is not decided yet .

6 . 用引號的詞語作主語時，謂語用單數(shù)第三人稱。

    “I” is the ninth letter of the English Alphabet .

7 . 在強(qiáng)調(diào)結(jié)構(gòu)中如被強(qiáng)調(diào)的是句子的主語，則 who 或 that 后面的謂語動詞的人稱和數(shù)應(yīng)和主語一致。

    It is Mike who always helps me study maths after class .

8 . wish 后接賓語從句用虛擬語氣，如表示與現(xiàn)在事實相反，無論主語是單數(shù)還是復(fù)數(shù)，be 動詞用 were。

    I wish I were ten years younger .

9 . police , cattle 等集合名詞作主語時，謂語用復(fù)數(shù)。

    The murderer has run away . The police are searching for him .

10 . 算式中表示數(shù)目的主語通�？醋鲉螖�(shù)，其謂語常用單數(shù)形式，也可用復(fù)數(shù)。

    Five times four is twenty .

11 . youth 作“青年們”解作主語時，謂語用復(fù)數(shù)。

    The youth of China today are doing their best to study modern science and technology .

12 . each 作同位語放在復(fù)數(shù)主語后，謂語不受單數(shù) each 的影響。如：

    The boy and the girl each have their own toys .

13 . 當(dāng) with 引出的短語結(jié)構(gòu)后面出現(xiàn) both 時，with 的含義變成 and ，此時謂語動詞應(yīng)該用復(fù)數(shù)形式。如：Martin with his wife ,both working in the same company , have decided that they would send their little daughter to the nearest kindergarten .

14 . “one of + 復(fù)數(shù)名詞 + 謂語”是固定結(jié)構(gòu)，謂語動詞用單數(shù)。但是，在“one of + 復(fù)數(shù)名詞 + 定語從句”句型中，定語從句的謂語用復(fù)數(shù)；若 one of 的前面有 the , the only 時，謂語仍用單數(shù)。試對比：

He is one of the people who always help others .

She is the only one of my guests that comes from India .

15 . 主語是以-ics 結(jié)尾的學(xué)科名詞以及 news , works , (工廠) , politics 等都屬形式復(fù)數(shù)，而意義單數(shù)的名詞，其謂語用單數(shù)形式。另外 means 一詞單復(fù)數(shù)同形應(yīng)視具體情況而定。

    Mathematics seems to be difficult to learn .

    A new means of teaching is being used in that school .

注：學(xué)科名詞前如有物主代詞修飾時，謂語常用復(fù)數(shù)。如：My mathematics are week .

16 . 主語是用作書名、劇名、報紙名、國名等的復(fù)數(shù)名詞，謂語一般用單數(shù)形式。

    The United States is a developed country .

二、學(xué)海導(dǎo)航

【學(xué)法指要】

單元重點(diǎn)詞匯點(diǎn)撥

1. enlarge擴(kuò)大；變大；增多

We enlarge the playground last year .

〖點(diǎn)撥〗enlarge on / upon詳述；細(xì)說

Could you enlarge on / upon the point ?

2. encouragement鼓勵；激勵；促進(jìn)

He received a lot of encouragement from his teacher . 老師給了他很大的鼓勵。

〖點(diǎn)撥〗encourage sb to do鼓勵某人干…… 。encourage sb in助長。如：

The boss encouraged me to study abroad .

Don’t encourage him in his laziness .

encouraging鼓舞人心的，encouraged被鼓舞的。如：

They were encouraged by the encouraging news .

3. appreciate欣賞；感激；賞識

His works were not appreciated until after his death . 直到死后，他的作品才受到重視。

You will appreciate his novels better if you read his past .

〖點(diǎn)撥〗appreciate / enjoy + doing欣賞干……。

Do you appreciate driving minibus ?

單元詞組思維運(yùn)用

1. remind sb of使某人想起 ……

He reminded me of his kind father .

I was reminded of my promise .

注意：remind sb that ……使人想起。remind sb to do提醒某人做某事。

She reminded me that I hadn’t watered the flowers .

Remind me to mail this letter after work .

I reminded him to work hard .

2. fix a date for確定……的日期

Let’s fix a date for a picnic this weekend .

注意動詞fix的詞組：fix one’s eyes on / upon凝視。如：His eyes were fixed on the photo on the wall .

3. pick up a travel book拿起一本游記

4．dip into隨便翻閱；瀏覽

I have only been able to dip into your book yet ; I hope soon to be able to read it seriously .

I can’t say that I know a great deal about modern painting ― I’ve just dipped into one or two books on the subject .

5. read bits here and there這兒看一點(diǎn)那看一點(diǎn)

6. turn to翻到；求助于

Please turn to Page 30 .

We must turn to our monitor to finish such a thorough cleaning .

7. if you wish如果你想要的話

8. an article of clothing一件衣物

注意：a suit of clothes一套衣服

9. above all最重要的是

注意：in all總共，first of all首先。

10. refer to

Don’t get angry . The person he referred just now isn’t you .

11. take turns to do輪流干……

12. shut up閉嘴；住口；關(guān)閉

For heaven’s sake , shut him up , he’s said quite enough already .

Shut up ! You’re just talking nonsense .

We got the house shut up only minutes before the storm hit . 在暴風(fēng)雨來臨之前幾分鐘，我們才把屋子的門窗關(guān)閉起來。

13. talk things through充分透徹地談問題

14. make good (great , rapid , much , little ) progress in

15. agree on a time在時間上意見一致

16. a letter in reply回信

17. in the immediate future不久的將來

單元難點(diǎn)疑點(diǎn)思路明晰

1. But not all stories belong to this class . 但并不是所有小說都屬于這一級別。

〖明晰〗(1) not與all , both , every ,  always ,  altogether ,  entirely , everybody ,  everything ,  everywhere連用表達(dá)部分否定。如：

All is not lost that is in danger . （諺）處于危險中并非就是失敗。(禍福難分)

The good and the beautiful don't always go together . (Shakespeare) 善和美不一定時常是相連的。

(2) class 在本課作“等級，種類”講。如：

travel third class 乘三等車（或艙）旅行/He is doing first class.他干得      非常好。/It's one of the second-class public schools.那是一所一流的公立學(xué)校。

2. Second , do not stop every time you come to a word or phrase you do  not know . 第二，不要每碰到一個不認(rèn)識的單詞或短語就停下來……。

〖明晰〗Every time, each time “每次，每當(dāng)，無論何時”以及by the time “到……時” 可相當(dāng)于連詞引導(dǎo)時間狀語從句。如：

Every time I meet him , he tries to borrow books from me . 每當(dāng)我遇到他，他總是向我借書。

By the time he was 15 , he had already had his own laboratory . 到他15歲時，他已經(jīng)有了自己的實驗室。

3. …by the end of the chapter you will have guessed its meaning . 到了全章快讀完時，你就會猜出這個詞的意思了。

〖明晰〗(1)由by the end of…引出的短語，主句常用過去完成時或?qū)�來完成時。如：

By the end of last month, they had produced 1000000 candles .

By the end of this century, China will have become a socialist country . 到本世紀(jì)底，中國必將成為一個社會主義強(qiáng)國。

(2) will / shall + have + p.p. 構(gòu)成將來完成時，該時態(tài)可表將來某一時刻前已完成的動作，也可表說話人對某一業(yè)已先成的事態(tài)的推測。如：

He will have gained his pilot's license before his next birthday . 他下個生日前會拿到飛行證的。

You will have received an invitation to the wedding as well . 你肯定會收到參加婚宴的邀請的。

4. …and is therefore likely to be an article of clothing . 因此很可能是一件衣服。

〖明晰〗likely常用于sth / sb + be + likely to do很可能干但possible , probable , impossible ,  improbable 卻不用人作主語 , 常用 : It + be + possible / probable (for sb)   +  to do.      如：

He is likely to be the best poet here . 他很可能是這最好的詩人。

It is impossible that he can finish the task in such a short time . 他不可能在如此短的時間內(nèi)完成這項任務(wù)。

（本課最后一段中）If you hate  science  stories ,   you  are  unlikely  to enjoy reading them in English . 如果你不喜歡科幻小說，那么你不大可能喜歡讀英文版的科幻小說。

5. In other words , I should not watch TV, or look over your  shoulder  at  other people while we are talking together . 換句話說，我們在一起交談時，我不應(yīng)該看電視或越過你肩膀看別人。

〖明晰〗(1) in other words 換句話說 (= that is , that is to say)

(2) look over 從…上面看過去；查看；檢查。如：

Don't look over your shoulder while walking on such a slippery road . 在過如此滑的路面時，請匆扭頭張望。

The secretary spent a night looking over her notes . 秘書花了一夜時間查看她的記錄。

6. First , take turns to listen . 首先  輪流做聽眾。

〖明晰〗take turns“依次，輪流”后常接不定式，at＋ing或直接加-ing 。表示“輪流”的介詞詞組有 in turn 和 by turns 。如：

take turns to watch over the oxen = take turns (at)  watching  over  the  oxen = watch over the oxen in turn = watch over the oxen by turns .  輪流看護(hù)牛群。

（本課最后一段）If friends can take turns to listen to each other well,  life will be better ! 如果朋友們之間能輪流做好聽眾，生活就會更美好!

7. hobby , habit , custom , practice

〖明晰〗 (1) hobby (業(yè)余)愛好；嗜好，消遣。如：

Reading children's literature is a hobby with my nephew . 我侄侄在業(yè)余時間愛讀兒童文學(xué)消遣。

He collects butterflies for a hobby . 他以搜集各種蝴蝶為業(yè)余愛好。

Growing roses is her hobby . 養(yǎng)玫瑰花是她的愛好。

(2) habit“習(xí)慣”，側(cè)重于強(qiáng)調(diào)一時期內(nèi)不自覺地形成的，并且不易去掉的個人習(xí)慣。如：

Smoking is a bad habit . 吸煙是種壞習(xí)慣。

habit 的常見搭配有：be in the / a habit of , have the / a habit of 有……的習(xí)慣，break away from / off a habit改掉一種習(xí)慣， get / fall into  the  habit   of 養(yǎng)成……習(xí)慣。

(3) custom“習(xí)慣；習(xí)俗”，指經(jīng)過一個較長的時間而形成的社會或地區(qū)性風(fēng)俗。如：

It is the custom to dye eggs at Easter . 在復(fù)活節(jié)染雞蛋殼已成為習(xí)俗。

(4) practice“習(xí)慣”，指慣常的做法。如：

I don't like her practice of going to bed late every evening . 我不喜歡他每天晚睡的做法。

8 .above all , in all , after all , all in all , for all

〖明晰〗 (1) above all 首先，首要，尤其。如：

Never waste anything . Above all , never waste time . 任何東西都不可浪費(fèi)，尤其不可浪費(fèi)時間。

(2) in all 總共，共計。如：

Shall I pay you the money in part or in all ? 這筆款子我該給你部分地付還是全部付清泥 ?

(3) after all 畢竟，終究，終歸。如：

He said he would not come in, but he came in after all . 他說他不進(jìn)來，但他畢竟進(jìn)來了。

(4) all in all總的來說，總計；完全地。如：

The book has some weak spots , but  all  in  all. I  consider  it  a success . 這本書有一些缺點(diǎn)，然而總的來說我認(rèn)為它是成功的。

(5) for all 盡管。如：

For all his wealth , he is unhappy . 盡管他很有錢，他并不快樂。

9. shut up , shut down , shut away , shut in , shut off , shut out

〖明晰〗 (1) shut up 閉嘴，住口。如：

Shut up ! You're just talking nonsense . 住口!你這是在說廢話。

(2) shut down 停工，停業(yè)。如：

The automobile plant was shut down for two months as a reasult of  the strike . 那家汽車廠由于罷工關(guān)閉了兩個月。

(3) shut away 限制，隔離，禁閉。如：

Important prisoners were shut away in a remote mountain village . 重要的犯人被監(jiān)禁在偏僻的山林里。

(4) shut in 圍�。魂P(guān)進(jìn)；禁閉(= shut away)。如：

The house was shut in by factories all round . 這房子周圍都被工廠圍住。

(5) shut off 關(guān)停（煤氣，水電等）。如：

They shut off the gas and electricity in their house before leaving  on holiday . 他們假日離家前把煤氣和電都關(guān)掉。

(6) shut out 不讓……進(jìn)來，把……關(guān)在外面(＝ keep…out of)。如：

The late comers were all shut out of the stadium . 遲到者都被關(guān)在體育場外面不讓進(jìn)去。

10. enlarge, expand , extend , widen , broaden , grow , increase

〖明晰〗 (1) enlarge“擴(kuò)大”，指面積，體積和范圍的擴(kuò)大及能力的增大，不指重量、 速度，時間等。如：

an enlarged meeting擴(kuò)大會議/The city has enlarged.城市面積擴(kuò)大了。 /The  business is enlarging. 企業(yè)在不斷擴(kuò)大。/Reading a lot enlarges the mind. 大量閱讀使人增長才智。

(2) grow“成長，長大”，常用于人、生物的長大，數(shù)量的增長不用grow。如：

(SEFC B3 L26) So certain types of plant grow all over  the  stones  and  their roots go down into the holes between the stones . 所以某些種類的植物在這些石頭上面長滿了， 它們的根深深鉆進(jìn)石塊之間的洞穴      之中。

(3) increase 指數(shù)量、程度、財富、權(quán)力的“增加、增長”。如：

Total industrial output value increased by 8% .  工業(yè)總產(chǎn)值增長了百分之八。

(4) expand 膨脹大，extend 延伸長，widen 和 broaden 為“加寬后擴(kuò)大”。

【妙文賞析】

as poor as a church mouse

    教堂 ( church ) 是教徒們進(jìn)行宗教活動的地方，教徒們虔誠地作禮拜，當(dāng)然沒有人在這里吃東西，自然也不會有食品櫥，一切都為得莊嚴(yán)肅穆。所以老鼠想在教堂里找吃的東西，根本的枉費(fèi)心機(jī)，教堂里的老鼠 ( a church mouse ) 是非常窮的，所以就有 as poor as a church mouse 的說法，指某人一貧如洗。請看例句：

    You want to borrow money from him ? He is as poor as a church mouse .你想向他借錢 ? 他一貧如洗。

英語詞語掌故浩如煙海、源遠(yuǎn)流長，經(jīng)歷了歲月的磨練，凝聚著民眾的智慧，它簡潔、生動、含蓄幽默，涉及到民間傳說、神話寓言、風(fēng)俗時尚、歷史背景、名人佚事等等各個方面，英語詞語掌故不僅能幫我們開拓視野、擴(kuò)大知識面，而且還有助于我們了解英國語言文學(xué)的起源和發(fā)展，因此了解、熟悉英語詞語掌故無疑是學(xué)好英語的一條必不可少的途徑。

【思維體操】

“心”譯

1. after one’s heart                                        2. a heart of gold

3. find in one’s heart to                                 4. have sth at heart

5. heart and soul                                    6.heart to heart

7. pluck up one’s heart                                  8. put one’s heart into

9. with a light heart                                      10. with one’s whole heart

答案：1、稱心如意  2、道德高尚  3、心甘情愿  4、牢記在心  5、全心全意  6、開誠布公  7、鼓起勇氣  8、專心致志  9、輕松愉快  10、誠心誠意

 三、智能顯示

【心中有數(shù)】

單元語法發(fā)散思維

一、易錯用的主謂語一致 14 點(diǎn)

1.  each + 名詞 + and each + 名詞用作主語時，謂語動詞用單數(shù)。

    〔 錯例 〕Each boy and each girl have got an apple .

    〔 改正 〕改 have 為 has .

    〔 歸納 〕下面兩種情況，動詞也用單數(shù)：

             A . every + 名詞 + and every + 名詞作主語時：

             Every man and every  woman in the village is here .

             B . no + 名詞 + and no + 名詞作主語時：

             No teacher and no student has seen the film .

2. 當(dāng)一個人兼兩種身份而作主語時，謂語動詞用單數(shù)。

    〔 錯例 〕Her teacher and friend often help her to paint .

    〔 改正 〕改 help 為 helps。

    〔 歸納 〕兩個名詞用 and 連接用作主語，重復(fù)使用冠詞和不重復(fù)使用冠詞時，動詞可能不一樣。下列短語作主語時，應(yīng)視為復(fù)數(shù) ( 第二個冠詞省略了 ) ：              a boy and girl , a man and woman , the Chinese and Japanese language , the oil and textile industry , a teacher and student , a cow and ox等。如：比較：

    A journalist and a novelist have come to see you .

    A journalist and novelist has come to see you .

    A man and  woman  are walking on the street .

3.and 連接的兩個名詞表達(dá)一個共同的概念或一個完整的東西時應(yīng)視作單數(shù)。

    〔 錯例 〕A cart  and horse   are seen coming to us .

    〔 改正 〕改 are 為 is。

    〔 歸納〕以下名詞短語都可視作單數(shù)。a  watch and chain 一塊帶鏈的表，a needle and thread 一套針線，a knife and fork 一副刀叉，a cup  and saucer 一套碟子茶杯，a coat and tie 一件上衣帶領(lǐng)帶，bread and butter 奶油面包，aim and end 目的，truth and honesty 真誠，child care and education 對孩子的管教，time and tide 歲月，the long and short of it 總的意思,iron and steel 鋼鐵,law and order 治安,soup and salad 湯與涼拌菜 ,hard  struggle and plain living 艱苦奮斗與生活簡樸。

4. Mary a + 單數(shù)名詞作主語時，謂語動詞用單數(shù)。

    〔 錯例 〕Many a scientist have devoted their lives to science .

    〔 改正 〕改have 為 has

    〔 歸納 〕A . a great many , a  good many 都需要接復(fù)數(shù)名詞，作主語時，動詞用復(fù)數(shù)。B . more  than one + 名詞作主語時，動詞用單數(shù)。C. more than one 不接名詞時，動詞用單數(shù)或復(fù)數(shù)都可以。D.在 there be 結(jié)構(gòu)里用單數(shù)或復(fù)數(shù)。如：There is ( 或 are ) more than one student in the classroom .

5. one and a half …與 a + 名詞 + or two 作主語

〔 錯例 〕One and a half cakes are left on the plate .

〔 改正 〕改 are 為 is 。

〔 歸納 〕one and half + 名詞作主語習(xí)慣上視作單數(shù)，但名詞需要用復(fù)數(shù)形式。One or two + 名詞作主語時視作復(fù)數(shù)；而 a + 名詞 + or two 作主語時卻可視作單數(shù)或復(fù)數(shù)。如：

There are one or two things I want to tell you .

A word or two is ( 或 are ) needed here . 這兒還需要一兩個詞。

6 . ( together ) with + 名詞不影響原來主語的人稱和數(shù)。

   〔 錯例 〕Mr.Wang , together with his wife , have gone to Australia .

   〔 改正 〕改 have 為 has。

   〔 歸納 〕下列詞語與名詞連用均不影響原來主語的人稱和數(shù)：as well as , along with , as much as , but , except , in company with , more than , no less than , like , rather than , plus 等。           

7 . 數(shù)詞 + 名詞表示重量、長短、距離、錢數(shù)、分?jǐn)?shù)、時間等作主語時，動詞用單數(shù)。

    〔 錯例 〕Twenty years are too long for a man's life .

    〔 改正 〕改 are 為 is。

    〔 歸納 〕動詞用單數(shù)是因為我們把這些復(fù)數(shù)名詞看成一個整體。如：

            Three hours is enough for  him to perform the operation .

            表示艱苦難熬的歲月、時日作主語時動詞也可用復(fù)數(shù)。如：

            The first fifty years are the hardest . 最初的五十年是最艱難的。

8 . A number of books 與 The number of books 作主語時應(yīng)選用數(shù)不相同的動詞。

    〔 錯例 〕The number of books are twenty-three .

    〔 改正 〕改 are 為 is。

    〔 歸納〕A . the number of…意思是“…的數(shù)目；……的號碼”，作主語時，動詞用單數(shù)；a number of…意思是“許多…”，作主語時，動詞用復(fù)數(shù)。如：The number of the key is 207 .

B . the average of + 名詞作主語時動詞用單數(shù)：an average of + 名詞作主語時動詞用復(fù)數(shù)。如：

    The average of letters received each week is 600 . 平均每周收到的信件是600件。

    An average of 600 letters a week are received by the newspaper's office .  報館每周平均收到600封信。

9.a basket of eggs 等作主語，動詞用單數(shù)。

    〔 錯例 〕A basket of pears are not enough for them .

    〔 改正 〕改 are 為 is。

    〔 歸納 〕下面短語作主語時，動詞也用單數(shù)：a basket of ( eggs ) 一籃 ( 雞蛋 ) ，a cluster of ( grapes ) 一串 ( 葡萄 ) ， a pile of ( apples ) 一堆 ( 蘋果 )，    a team of ( football players ) 一隊 ( 足球運(yùn)動員 ) 。但 a group of ( students ) 作主語時，動詞通常用復(fù)數(shù)。但：A group of girls are playing hide-and-seek .

10 .The rest ( of + 名詞 ) 作主語時，動詞不一定用單數(shù)。

    〔 錯例 〕The  rest of the students is girls .

    〔 改正 〕改 is 為 are。

    〔 歸納 〕下面的詞語作主語或作主語修飾語時則根據(jù)這些詞所代表的名詞的數(shù)或修飾的名詞的數(shù)來決定動詞的單、復(fù)數(shù)：Who , what , which , all , any , more , most , some , a lot of , lots of , plenty of  , quantities of 以及 half , part , the rest , the remainder , 分?jǐn)?shù)，百分?jǐn)?shù)等。試對比：

    Which are yours , the green ones or the red ones ?

    Which is  yours , the big one or the small one ?

    There is only a little ink . All is here .

  There are three books here . All  a re written in English .

    Twenty percent of the skin has been burnt .

    Twenty percent of the machines are exported .

    Two -thirds of the surface of the earth is water .

    Three-thirds of the books are novels .

11. 某些集體名詞作主語，意在其成員時，動詞應(yīng)該用復(fù)數(shù)。

    〔 錯例 〕Our family is all early risers .

    〔 改正 〕改 is 為 are。

    〔 歸納 〕這一類名詞有： class 班，club 俱樂部，crew 全體船員 ( 乘務(wù)員 ) ，committee 委員會，couple 一對夫婦，crowd 人群，group 組、隊 , audience 觀眾，聽眾，family 家庭，firm 公司；商號，flock 一群人，government 政府，public 公眾，union 工會；聯(lián)合會，team 隊，England ( football team ) 英格蘭足球隊，等。這些名詞用作主語時，如被看作整體，動詞用單數(shù)，代詞可用 it，its，which。如果是指該整體的成員，動詞應(yīng)用復(fù)數(shù)，代詞用 they，their , who。但要注意主語、動詞、代詞在數(shù)方面的一致。如：

    不可說：The crowd moves on . No one tries to stop them .

    應(yīng)該說：The crowd moves on . No one tries to stop it .

    The class is big .

    The class are practising swimming .

12. the country 可指“全國人民”，作主語時，動詞用單數(shù)。

   〔 錯例 〕The country are opposed to war .

   〔 改正 〕改 are 為 is。

   〔 歸納 〕表示“全體人”的這類名詞還有：city , college , factory , house , school , table , town , university , world 等。它們與 the 連用作主語時，動詞應(yīng)該用單數(shù)。如：

    The whole table has heard what he said .

    The whole university is against the changes .

    整個大學(xué)的人都反對這些改變。

    The world knows that pollution has become a serious problem .

    世界人民知道，污染已成了嚴(yán)重問題。

13. the + 形容詞作主語時，動詞不一定用復(fù)數(shù)。

   〔 錯例 〕The old is respected in our country .

   〔 改正 〕改 is 為 are 。

   〔 歸納 〕定冠詞 + 形容詞時，如表示一類人作主語時，動詞用復(fù)數(shù)。常見的這一類有：the absent 缺席者，the aged 老年人，the brave 勇敢者，the dead 死人，the dying 要死的人，the deaf and mute 聾啞人，the disabled 殘疾人，the exploited 被剝削者，the homeless 無家可歸的人，the living 活著的人，the lost 失蹤的人，the old 老年人，the oppressed 被壓迫者，the poor 窮人，the present 出席的人，the rich 富人 ，the sick 病人，the strong 強(qiáng)者，the weak 弱者，the wise 聰明人，the  wounded 傷員，the young 青年人等。

14. 用 either…or 連接的兩個名詞或代詞作主語時，最接近動詞的名詞或代詞決定動詞的單、復(fù)數(shù)。

   〔 錯例 〕Either you or I are  wrong .

   〔 改正 〕改 are 為 am。

   〔 歸納 〕涉及到類似用法的連詞有 or , not only…but ( also ) 和 neither…nor。如：

    You , he or I am to be sent to the front .

    Neither you nor I  am a doctor .

    Not only you but also he has been to the Great Wall .

    Are either you or he against this plan ?

【動腦動手】

單元能力立體檢測

    1 . 美麗的長城值得一看。

    誤：The beautiful Great Wall is worth to visit .

    正：The beautiful Great Wall is worth visiting .

    析：worth 是形容詞，后面要跟名詞或動詞 - ing 形式，不能跟動詞不定式。如將上面的 to visit 改成 a visit 也是正確的。

    2 . 到了上學(xué)期末，我已學(xué)習(xí)將近兩千個英語單詞。

    誤：By the end of last term , I learned nearly two thousand English words .

    正：By the end of last term , I had learned nearly two thousand English words .

    析：這里的 by 有“before ( 在……之前 ) ”或“not later than ( 不遲于 ) ”的意思，表示“在 ( 某時 ) 前”或“到某時”已發(fā)生某事或出現(xiàn)某種情況，謂語動詞多用完成時態(tài)。句中是“上學(xué)期末”，所以用過去完成時態(tài)。

    3 . 那人走過來奪了老人的包。

    誤：The man came over and took the possession of the old man's bag .

    正：The man came over and took possession of the old man's bag .

    析：“take possession of”意為“奪取、占有”，是固定的表達(dá)方式，一般在 possession 前面不用 the。

    4 . 這些動物對美洲土著人的生活有很大影響。

    誤：These animals had a great effect to the life of Native Americans .

    正：These animals had a great effect on the life of Native Americans .

    析：“have an effect on ( upon ) ”是固定搭配，意為“對……有影響”，“對……起作用”，effect 后面跟介詞要用 on 或 upon，不能隨意改動。

    5 . 他突然間擊了她的頭。

    誤：All of a sudden he hit her on her head .

    正：All of a sudden he hit her on the head .

    析：漢語中“打某人的頭”，在英語中常用“hit + sb .  + on + the + 身體部位”這樣的結(jié)構(gòu)。值得注意的是其中冠詞 the 不能用物主代詞代替。又如：

    He hit the boy in the face . 他打了孩子的臉。 ( face 前面要用 the , 不能用物主代詞。 )

    6 . 他沒有逃跑得了，被俘了。

    誤：He failed to run away and was taken the prisoner .

    正：He failed to run away and was taken prisoner .

    析：“to take prisoner”，意為“被監(jiān)禁”、“被俘”，是個習(xí)語，prisoner 前面不能用冠詞。但是 take 這個動詞可以用 keep 或 hold 代替。又如：    He was taken ( held , kept ) prisoner in a small island . 他被囚禁在一個小島上。

    7 . 他一到達(dá)，就被賣給一個農(nóng)民當(dāng)奴隸。

    誤：At his arrival he was sold to a farmer as a slave .

    正：On his arrival he was sold to a farmer as a slave .

    析：“on one's arrival”是一個習(xí)語，其中介詞要用 on，不能用別的詞代替。

    8 . 報社給他提供了一些資金。

    誤：His newspaper provided him some money .

    正：His newspaper provided him with some money .

    析：“為某人提供某物”，用 provide 表達(dá)有兩種方式，一是“provide sb . with sth . ”，另一種是“provide sth . for sb . ”，也就是說要用介詞搭配，誤句中少用了介詞。度比較：

    The government is trying to provide the unemployed with jobs .  (  = The government is trying to provide jobs for the unemployed .  ) 政府正力圖為失業(yè)者提供就業(yè)機(jī)會。

    9 . 他一登臺，我就認(rèn)出他來了。

    誤：I recognized him the moment when he appeared on the stage .

    正：I recognized him the moment he appeared on the stage .

    析：the moment 雖是名詞，但在這兒可以作連詞用，相當(dāng)于 as soon as , 因此后面再用 when 就是多余的了。類似的名詞如 the minute , the second 等也可以這樣。上面正句里的 the moment 也可以用 the minute , the second 來代替。又如：

    The moment / minute / second you arrive at the port , please telephone me . 你一到達(dá)港口，就請給我打個電話。

    10 . 你們當(dāng)中一人扮演哈利，另一個人扮演記者。

    誤：One of you plays role of Harley , and the other role of a reporter .

    正：One of you play the role of Harley , and the other the role of a reporter .

    析：role 作“角色”解，通常構(gòu)成“play ( take ) the role of .  .  . ”結(jié)構(gòu)，意為“扮演……角色”。這是固定搭配，“the”不可少。又如：

    He wishes to take ( play ) the role of a king . 他想扮演國王。

    但是，role 前可以用形容詞修飾，例如：

    Both of them wanted to play ( take ) the leading role . 他們倆都想演主角。

    11 . 他每次進(jìn)城總要拜訪他的老師。

    誤：Every time he came to the city , he would visit his teacher .

    正：Every time he came to the city , he would visit his teacher .

    析：“every time”是個名詞詞組，用作從屬連詞，引出時間狀語從句，意為“每一……就……”。不能像誤句那樣連寫。又如：

    Copy it down every time you come to a beautiful sentence . 每當(dāng)你碰到一個漂亮的句子就把它抄下來。

    12 . 年輕人應(yīng)該永遠(yuǎn)尊敬老年人。

    誤：Youth should always show the respect to old age .

    正：Youth should always show respect to old age .

    析：“show respect to”是一個習(xí)語，意思是“對某人表示尊重”，其中 respect 是不可數(shù)名詞，前面不用冠詞，但是可以有修飾詞修飾。其中 show 可以用 have 代替，介詞 to 也可用 for 代替。例如：

    She had / showed no respect to / for manager . 她對經(jīng)理一點(diǎn)也不尊重。

    They have / show a great respect to / for the journalists .他們對記者非常敬重。

【創(chuàng)新園地】

寫一篇短文，簡述 Green School 受歡迎的原因。請在短文中包含以下內(nèi)容：

1 . 歷史悠久。

2 . 校園美麗。

3 . 設(shè)備良好。教學(xué)樓、實驗室、語音室、計算機(jī)房、圖書館及體育館都屬全市最好的。

4 . 收費(fèi)合理，每學(xué)期?3000。

5 . 教師出色，大部分畢業(yè)于名牌大學(xué)。他們耐心，有經(jīng)驗，熱愛學(xué)生。

注意：不要逐條翻譯。詞數(shù)：110字左右。

（請同學(xué)們寫好后把答案反饋給我們）

【創(chuàng)新園地】答案

Why is Green School so popular in our city ?

For one thing , the school has a long history . Its school garden is very beautiful with trees and flowers everywhere . It is also well equipped . The classroom buildings , the experiment labs and the sound labs , the computer rooms , the library as well as the gymnasium are among the best of all schools . Besides , the tuition is only 3000 a term , less than that of other schools . But the most important reason for its popularity is the excellent teachers in Green School . Most teachers graduated from well-known universities and colleges . They have great patience , much experience and especially , deep love for the students .