Question

【題目】Directions: Complete the following passage by using the -words in the box. Each -word can only be used once. Note that there is one word more than you need.

A. infections B. factors C. particularly D. separate E. seriously F. passive

G. mixtures H. significantly I. present J. negative K. exposed

Air pollution triggers (引發(fā))more heart attacks than using cocaine and poses as high a risk of sparking a heart attack as alcohol, coffee and physical exertion, scientists said on Thursday. Anger, marijuana (大麻)use and chest or respiratory (與呼吸有關(guān)的) 【1】 can also trigger heart attacks to different extents, the researchers said, but air pollution, 【2】 in heavy traffic, is the major cause.

The findings, published in The Lancet journal, suggest population-wide 【3】 like polluted air should be taken more 【4】 when looking at heart risks, and should be put into context besides higher but relatively rarer risks like drug use. Tim Nawrot of Hasselt University in Belgium, who led the study, said he hoped his findings would also encourage doctors to think more often about population level risks.

Nawrot’s team combined data from thirty-six 【5】 studies and calculated the relative risk posed by a series of heart attack triggers and their population-attributable fraction (PAF)—in other words the proportion of total heart attacks estimated to have been caused by each trigger. “Of the triggers for heart attack studied, cocaine is the most likely to trigger an event in an individual, but traffic has the greatest population effect as more people are 【6】 to it,” the researchers wrote. “PAFs give a measure of how much disease would be avoided if the risk was no longer 【7】. ”

A report published late last year found that air pollution in many major cities in Asia exceeds the WHO’s air quality guidelines and that poisonous 【8】 of pollutants result in more than 530,000 earlier deaths a year. While 【9】 smoking was not included in this study, Nawrot said the effects of secondhand smoke were likely to be similar to that of outdoor air pollution, and noted previous research found that bans on smoking in public places have 【10】 reduced heart attack rates.

Answer 1

【答案】

【1】A

【2】C

【3】B

【4】E

【5】D

【6】K

【7】I

【8】G

【9】F

【10】H

【解析】

這是一篇說明文。科學(xué)家于本周四稱，空氣污染引發(fā)心臟病的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)超過可卡因，與酒精、咖啡和體力活動一樣高。研究人員說，憤怒、吸食大麻、胸部或呼吸道感染也會在不同程度上引發(fā)心臟病，但空氣污染，尤其是交通擁擠時(shí)的空氣污染，是主要原因。

【1】考查名詞。句意：憤怒、吸食大麻、胸部或呼吸道感染也能不同程度地引發(fā)心臟病。根據(jù)句意可知應(yīng)填infections“感染”。故選A。

【2】考查副詞。句意：研究人員說，但是空氣污染，尤其是交通擁擠時(shí)的空氣污染，是主要原因。修飾下文介詞短語應(yīng)填副詞particularly“尤其；特別是”。故選C。

【3】考查副詞。句意：發(fā)表在Lancet雜志上的這一研究結(jié)果表明，在研究心臟風(fēng)險(xiǎn)時(shí)，應(yīng)該更認(rèn)真地考慮空氣污染等全人口的因素，除了使用藥物等較高但相對稀少的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)外，還應(yīng)該把這些因素考慮進(jìn)去。根據(jù)句意可知應(yīng)填factors，“因素”。故選B。

【4】考查副詞。句意：發(fā)表在Lancet雜志上的這一研究結(jié)果表明，在研究心臟風(fēng)險(xiǎn)時(shí)，應(yīng)該更認(rèn)真地考慮空氣污染等全人口因素，除了使用藥物等較高但相對較低的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)外，還應(yīng)該把這些因素考慮進(jìn)去。修飾動詞take應(yīng)用副詞，故填seriously，“嚴(yán)肅地；認(rèn)真地”。故選E。

【5】考查形容詞。句意：Nawrot的團(tuán)隊(duì)綜合了36項(xiàng)獨(dú)立研究的數(shù)據(jù)，計(jì)算了一系列心臟病發(fā)作引發(fā)因素及其人口歸因比率(PAF)所帶來的相對風(fēng)險(xiǎn)，換句話說，即估計(jì)由每個(gè)誘因引發(fā)的心臟病發(fā)作總數(shù)所占的比例。studies為名詞需要形容詞修飾，故填separate“單獨(dú)的；分開的”。故選D。

【6】考查動詞。句意：研究人員寫道:“在研究的引發(fā)心臟病發(fā)作的誘因中，可卡因最有可能引發(fā)個(gè)人的某個(gè)大事件，但交通對人口的影響最大，因?yàn)楦�多的人接觸到它�！倍陶Zbe exposed to“接觸；遭受”。故填exposed。故選K。

【7】考查固定短語。句意: “PAFs給出了一個(gè)衡量標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，即如果不再存在這種風(fēng)險(xiǎn)，可以避免多少疾病�！备鶕�(jù)句意可知表示“不再存在”短語為no longer present。故選I。

【8】考查名詞。句意：去年年底發(fā)表的一份報(bào)告發(fā)現(xiàn)，亞洲許多主要城市的空氣污染超過了世界衛(wèi)生組織(WHO)的空氣質(zhì)量指導(dǎo)方針，有毒污染物混合物每年導(dǎo)致53萬多人早死。poisonous為形容詞修飾名詞，故填mixtures。故選G。

【9】考查形容詞。句意：雖然這項(xiàng)研究沒有包括被動吸煙，但納洛特說，二手煙的影響可能與室外空氣污染的影響相似。他指出，之前的研究發(fā)現(xiàn)，在公共場所禁煙大大降低了心臟病發(fā)作的幾率。短語passive smoking“被動吸煙；吸二手煙”，故選F。

【10】考查副詞。句意：雖然這項(xiàng)研究沒有包括被動吸煙，但納洛特說，二手煙的影響可能與室外空氣污染的影響相似。他指出，之前的研究發(fā)現(xiàn)，在公共場所禁煙大大降低了心臟病發(fā)作的幾率。reduce為動詞需要副詞修飾，故填significantly“顯著地；大大地”。故選H。